character: Pope Urban II
topic: Initiation of the Crusades
grade: 9
subject: History
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character: Richard the Lionheart
topic: Role in the Third Crusade
grade: 9
subject: History
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character: Saladin
topic: Opposition to the Crusaders
grade: 9
subject: History
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character: Pope Gregory VII
topic: Investiture Controversy and Papal Authority
grade: 9
subject: History
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