character: Pope Urban II
topic: Religious authority and the legitimacy of monarchs
grade: 12
subject: History
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character: King Henry IV
topic: Conflict with Pope Gregory VII over investiture
grade: 12
subject: History
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character: Pope Gregory VII
topic: The Investiture Controversy and clerical authority
grade: 12
subject: History
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character: Richard the Lionheart
topic: Monarchs and the Crusades under papal authority
grade: 12
subject: History
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